List of Abbreviations
Books of the Bible: Abbreviation First
Hebrew Bible
| Gen | Genesis |
| Ex | Exodus |
| Lev | Leviticus |
| Num | Numbers |
| Deut | Deuteronomy |
| Josh | Joshua |
| Judg | Judges |
| Ruth | Ruth |
| 1 Sam | 1 Samuel |
| 2 Sam | 2 Samuel |
| 1 Kings | 1 Kings |
| 2 Kings | 2 Kings |
| 1 Chr | 1 Chronicles |
| 2 Chr | 2 Chronicles |
| Ezra | Ezra |
| Neh | Nehemiah |
| Esth | Esther |
| Job | Job |
| Ps | Psalms |
| Prov | Proverbs |
| Eccl | Ecclesiastes |
| Song | Song of Solomon |
| Isa | Isaiah |
| Jer | Jeremiah |
| Lam | Lamentations |
| Ezek | Ezekiel |
| Dan | Daniel |
| Hos | Hosea |
| Joel | Joel |
| Am | Amos |
| Ob | Obadiah |
| Jon | Jonah |
| Mic | Micah |
| Nah | Nahum |
| Hah | Habakkuk |
| Zeph | Zephaniah |
| Hag | Haggai |
| Zech | Zechariah |
| Mal | Malachi |
The Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books
| Tob | Tobit |
| Jdt | Judith |
| Add Esth | Esther (Greek) |
| Wis | The Wisdom of Solomon |
| Sir | Sirach |
| Bar | Baruch |
| Let Jer | The Letter of Jeremiah |
| Song of Thr | Azariah and the Three Jews |
| Sus | Susanna |
| Bel | Bel and the Dragon |
| 1 Macc | 1 Maccabees |
| 2 Macc | 2 Maccabees |
| 1 Esd | 1 Esdras |
| Pr Man | The Prayer of Manasseh |
| Ps 151 | Psalm 151 |
| 3 Macc | 3 Maccabees |
| 2 Esd | 2 Esdras |
| 4 Macc | 4 Maccabees |
New Testament
| Mt | Matthew |
| Mk | Mark |
| Lk | Luke |
| Jn | John |
| Acts | Acts of the Apostles |
| Rom | Romans |
| 1 Cor | 1 Corinthians |
| 2 Cor | 2 Corinthians |
| Gal | Galatians |
| Eph | Ephesians |
| Phil | Philippians |
| Col | Colossians |
| 1 Thess | 1 Thessalonians |
| 2 Thess | 2 Thessalonians |
| 1 Tim | 1 Timothy |
| 2 Tim | 2 Timothy |
| Titus | Titus |
| Philem | Philemon |
| Heb | Hebrews |
| Jas | James |
| 1 Pet | 1 Peter |
| 2 Pet | 2 Peter |
| 1 Jn | 1 John |
| 2 Jn | 2 John |
| 3 Jn | 3 John |
| Jude | Jude |
| Rev | Revelation |
In the textual notes to the books of the Bible, the following abbreviations are used:
| Ant. | Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews |
| Aram | Aramaic |
| Ch, chs | Chapter, chapters |
| Cn | Correction; made where the text has suffered in transmission and the versions provide no satisfactory restoration but where the Standard Bible Committee agrees with the judgment of competent scholars as to the most probable reconstruction of the original text. |
| Gk | Septuagint, Greek version of the Old Testament [also used in the NT, where it means simply Greek] |
| Heb | Hebrew of the consonantal Masoretic Text of the Old Testament |
| Josephus | Flavius Josephus (Jewish historian, about 37 to 95 CE) |
| Macc. | The book(s) of the Maccabees |
| Ms(s) | Manuscript(s) |
| MT | The Hebrew of the pointed Masoretic Text of the Old Testament |
| OL | Old Latin |
| Q Ms(s) | Manuscript(s) found at Qumran by the Dead Sea |
| Sam | Samaritan Hebrew text of the Old Testament |
| Syr | Syriac Version of the Old Testament |
| Syr H | Syriac Version of Origen's Hexapla |
| Tg | Targum |
| Vg | Vulgate, Latin Version of the Old Testament |
For a detailed discussion of these terms, see “Textual Criticism,” p. 2241.
The following abbreviations of additional ancient works are used in the introductions and annotations to the biblical books, and in the General Essays at the end of the volume:
| Ag. Ap. | Josephus, Against Apion |
| ANET | Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts |
| Apoc. Bar. | Apocalypse of Baruch |
| Apoc. Zeph. | Apocalypse of Zephaniah |
| Aristophanes, Ran. | Aristophanes, Ranae (Frogs) |
| Aristotle, Pol. | Aristotle, Politics |
| Aristotle, Rh. | Aristotle, Rhetoric |
| Aristotle, Virt. | Aristotle, Virtues and Vices |
| 2 Bar. | 2 Baruch (another name for the Apocalypse of Baruch) |
| b. B. Bat. | Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Baba Bathra |
| b. Ber. | Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berakot |
| b. Eruv. | Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Eruvim |
| b. Git. | Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Gittin |
| b. Meg. | Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Megillah |
| b. Ned. | Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Nedarim |
| b. San. | Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin |
| b. Shabb. | Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbat |
| b. Yoma | Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Yoma |
| CD | Cairo Genizah, Damascus Document |
| Cicero, Fin. | Cicero, De finibus |
| 1 Clem | 1 Clement (First Epistle of Clement) |
| CoS | The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions, Monumental Inscriptions, and Archival Documents from the Ancient World, 3 vols. (ed. W.W. Hallo; Leiden: Brill, 1997–2002) |
| De Vir. Ill. | Jerome, De viris Illustribus, “Of Illustrious Men” |
| Did. | Didache |
| Dio Chrys., Or. | Dio Chrysostom, Orationes |
| Diod. Sic. | Diodorus of Sicily (Library of History) |
| 1 En. | 1 Enoch |
| Ep. Arist. | Letter of Aristeas |
| Euripides, Tro. | Euripides, Trojan Women |
| Eusebius, Hist. eccl. | Eusebius, Historia ecclesiastica |
| Eusebius, Praep. Ev. | Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica |
| Gen. Rab. | Genesis Rabbah |
| Gk | Greek |
| Hermas, Mand. | Shepherd of Hermas, Mandate |
| Hermas, Sim. | Shepherd of Hermas, Similitude |
| Hist. | Herodotus, Histories |
| Homer, Od. | Homer, Odyssey |
| HS | Holiness School |
| Ignatius, Philad. | Ignatius, Epistle to the Philadelphians |
| Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. | Irenaeus, Adversus omnes Haereses |
| JB | Jerusalem Bible |
| Jer. Sot. | Jerusalem Talmud, Sotah (see y. Sot.) |
| Josephus, Ant. | Josephus, Jewish Antiquities |
| Josephus, Ap. | Josephus, Against Apion |
| Josephus, J.W. | Josephus, Jewish War |
| Jub. | Jubilees |
| Juvenal, Sat. | Juvenal, Satires |
| KJV | King James Version (1611) |
| l | liter |
| Lam. Rab. | Lamentations Rabbah |
| lit. | literally |
| LXX | the Septuagint |
| m. Abot | Mishnah Abot |
| m. Avoda Zara | Mishnah Avoda Zara |
| m. Ber. | Mishnah Berakot |
| m. Ketub. | Mishnah Ketubim |
| m. Ned. | Mishnah Nedarim |
| m. Ohalot | Mishnah Ohalot |
| m. Sukkah | Mishnah Tractate Sukkah, “Tabernacles, Booths” [harvest festival] |
| Midr. | Midrash |
| Midr. Pss. | Midrash Psalms |
| Midr. Rab. | Midrash Rabbah |
| m. Shabb. | Misnah Shabbat |
| m. Sot. | Mishnah Sotah |
| Nic. Eth. | Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics |
| niv | New International Version |
| NT | New Testament |
| OG | Old Greek [Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible], the Septuagint (LXX) |
| P. Oxy. | Oxyrhynchus Papyri |
| Philo, De Conf.Ling. | Philo, De Confusione Linguarum |
| Philo, De spec. leg. | Philo, De specialibus Legibus |
| Philo, Flaccus | Philo, Against Flaccus |
| Philo, Her. | Philo, Quis rerum divinarum heres sit |
| Philo, Leg. all. | Philo, Legum allegoriae |
| Philo, Leg. Gai. | Philo, Legatio ad Gaium |
| Philo, Migr. | Philo, De migratione Abrahami |
| Philo, Opif. | Philo, De opificio mundi |
| Philo, Quest. in Gen. | Philo, Quaestiones in Genesis |
| Plato, Cri. | Plato, Crito |
| Plato, Gorg. | Plato, Gorgias |
| Plato, Phaedr. | Plato, Phaedrus |
| Plato, Symp. | Plato, Symposium |
| Pliny, Nat. Hist. | Pliny, Naturalis Historia |
| Plutarch, Mor. | Plutarch, Moralia |
| Pro Rabirio | Cicero, Pro Rabirio Postuma |
| Pss. Sol. | Psalms of Solomon |
| 11QTemple | The Temple Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 (11Q19) |
| 1QH | Hodayot (Thanksgiving Hymns) from Qumran Cave 1 |
| 1QM | Milhamah (War Scroll) from Qumran Cave 1 |
| 11QMelch | Melchizedek Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 (11Q13) |
| 1QpHab | Pesher to Habakkuk from Qumran Cave 1 |
| 11QPsa | The Psalmsa Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 (11Q5) |
| 1QS | Rule of the Community (Serek Hayahad) from Qumran Cave 1 |
| Quintilian, Inst. | Institutio Oratoria |
| Quod Det. | Philo, Quod Deterius Potiori Insidiari Soleat, “That the Worse is Wont to Attack the Better” |
| REB | revised english bible |
| RSV | revised standard version |
| Seder Eliyahu R. | Seder Eliyahu Rabbah, midrash [on the coming‐to‐be of the world] |
| Seder Olam R. | Seder Olam Rabbah |
| Shab. | Shabbat |
| Sifre Num. | Sifre Numbers |
| Sib. Or. | Sibylline Oracles |
| Sophocles, Ant. | Sophocles, Antigone |
| Strom. | Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis |
| Tacitus, Hist. | Tacitus, Historiae |
| T. Abr. | Testament of Abraham |
| T. Jos. | Testament of Joseph |
| T. Jud. (Test. Jud.) | Testament of Judah |
| T. Levi | Testament of Levi |
| T. Moses | Testament of Moses |
| T. Naph. | Testament of Naphtali |
| T. Reuben | Testament of Reuben |
| T. Sol. | Testament of Solomon |
| Tg. Ps‐.J. | Targum Pseudo‐Jonathan |
| Tr. Eruv. | Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Eruvim (see b. Eruv.) |
| y. | Jerusalem Talmud |
| y. Sot. | Jerusalem Talmud, Sotah |
| v., vv. | verse, verses |
Note: The abbreviation “Q,” unless specified as “Quelle” (“Source”) for the posited New Testament document of non‐Markan common material in Matthew and Luke, refers to Qumran, and manuscripts from Qumran are identified by the cave number, which precedes the Q, and the official manuscript number, which follows it; thus, 1Q34 = Manuscript 34 from Cave 1 at Qumran; 4Q174 = Manuscript 174 from Cave 4; etc.